Automated lung sound analysis using the ChestPal Pro (previously known as LungPass) platform: a sensitive and specific tool for identifying lower respiratory tract involvement in COVID-19

Lower respiratory tract (LRT) involvement, observed in about 20% of patients suffering from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is associated with a more severe clinical course, adverse outcomes, and long-term sequelae [1, 2]. By pointing out people at risk of deterioration, early identification of LRT involvement could facilitate targeted and timely administration of treatments that could alter the short- and long-term disease outcomes [3]. While imaging represents the gold standard diagnostic test for LRT involvement, it is associated with a potentially avoidable radiation burden and may not be easily accessible in some treatment settings, such as primary care [4]. On the other hand, oxygen desaturation appears to be a specific, but not sensitive marker, since ground glass changes or consolidation are often observed in the absence of hypoxia [5, 6, 7]. The sensitivity of chest auscultation in identifying LRT involvement has been evaluated in limited populations and varies [8, 9], possibly to some extent due to variable skill among the assessors.

The ChestPal Pro (previously known as LungPass), an automated lung sound analysis platform consisting of an electronic wireless stethoscope paired with a mobile phone application, could standardize auscultation process by limiting observer’s bias. The ChestPal Pro (previously known as LungPass) algorithm was developed using neural network technology and trained using sequential derivation sets of lung sound recordings. Next, the performance properties of the algorithm were evaluated in a separated validation cohort of 200 sound recordings. All the lung sound recordings used were adjudicated by a panel of expert respiratory physicians. Based on the validation cohort, the ChestPal Pro (previously known as LungPass) can identify normal lung sounds with a sensitivity of 96.9% and a specificity of 90%, crackles (92.5%, 82.5%) and wheeze (99.4%, 90.0%), as well as identifying artifacts and heart sounds (the development process will be reported separately).

We hypothesized that the ChestPal Pro (previously known as LungPass) could be used as a screening tool for LRT involvement in patients with COVID-19. In a prospective observational study that was conducted in the 5th City Clinical Hospital and the Minsk Regional Tuberculosis Dispensary (Minsk Region, Belarus), we evaluated the sensitivity of lung sounds assessed by a respiratory physician or by the ChestPal Pro in identifying LRT involvement in patients with COVID-19. The study included 282 adults presenting in the emergency department with a strong clinical suspicion of COVID-19 and imaging findings consistent with COVID-19 LRT involvement (ground glass opacities and/or consolidation). A confirmatory PCR result was available in 72.3% of the participants. Sequential chest auscultation in 11 pre-specified points (figure 1) was conducted using the ChestPal Pro (previously known as LungPass) followed by a specialist chest physician using a high-quality stethoscope, on the same occasion, and within 24 h from hospital presentation of the participants. The specialist chest physicians had extensive expertise in assessing patients with respiratory diseases (VK, NV, MC; 5–20 years of fulltime clinical practice). Lung sounds in each auscultation site were recorded as normal breathing sounds, crackles, wheeze, cardiac sounds, or artifacts (the last two types of sounds were excluded). To estimate the performance characteristics of the ChestPal Pro (sensitivity and specificity), we also used it to auscultate 32 consecutive adult patients admitted to the hospital with non-respiratory problems.

The mean age of the participants in the COVID-19 group was 60.2 (standard deviation: 14.5) years and 56% were females. Pre-existing chronic respiratory disorders were reported by 9.2% of these participants (mostly COPD, 6.7%). The median duration of symptoms at recruitment was 6 days (interquartile range: 3–7 days). Most frequent presenting symptoms included fatigue (69.9% of the participants), fever (66.7%), cough (63.8%) and breathlessness (35.8%). Hypoxia (oxygen saturation less than 94%) was observed only in 25.5% of the participants, despite all having radiographic evidence of COVID-19, including ground glass changes (97.9%) and/or consolidation (20.2%).

Overall, crackles were observed more frequently in the lower respiratory fields (figure 1). Cohen’s kappa index revealed a moderate-good agreement between the ChestPal Pro (previously known as LungPass) and respiratory physicians’ judgements (kappa index: 0.61, 95% confidence intervals: 0.59–0.64). Moreover, the agreement between the two more recently qualified chest physicians and the ChestPal Pro (previously known as LungPass) was better (p<0.001). The ChestPal Pro (previously known as LungPass) identified crackles in at least one auscultation site in 93.6% and in two or more points in 84.0% of the participants with COVID-19. The respective figures for respiratory physicians were 74.5% and 67.7%. Moreover, the ChestPal Pro identified any added abnormal lung sounds (crackles or wheeze) in at least one auscultation site in 98.6% and in at least two points, in 94.0% of the participants, while the respective percentages for the respiratory physician were 83.3% and 79.1%.

Among the 3,102 auscultation sounds (11 points x 282 patients), 533 (17.2%) were deemed abnormal by the ChestPal Pro (previously known as LungPass), but normal by the chest physician, while the opposite finding was observed for 175 (5.6%) sounds. Interestingly, abnormal lung sounds were identified in one of the two most proximal, ipsilateral auscultation points in 73.6% and 86.3% of cases in each of the previously described groups, suggesting that the divergence between clinicians and ChestPal Pro (previously known as LungPass) characterization of the lung sounds is more likely to represent limited sensitivity to added abnormal lung sounds (false negatives), or differences in the positioning of the stethoscope, rather than limited specificity. Within 1,075 lung sounds that were deemed abnormal both by the clinician and ChestPal Pro (previously known as LungPass), there was agreement in 97% of cases regarding the type of the abnormality (crackles or wheeze).

The mean age of the control participants was 46.1 (standard deviation: 18.1) years, 34.4% were females and none had underlying chronic respiratory conditions. The ChestPal Pro (previously known as LungPass) only identified abnormal lung sounds (crackles or wheeze) in one of the control patients, in two auscultation points. Based on our data, if the presence of any added, abnormal sound was considered evidence of LRT involvement, ChestPal Pro (previously known as LungPass) would have a sensitivity of 98.6% (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 96.4%-99.6%) and a specificity of 96.9% (95% CI: 83.8%-99.9%). However, our previous data has suggested the presence of some false positive lung sound readings. To limit the risk of false positive readings, we could therefore consider the presence of any added abnormal lung sounds in at least two auscultation points as evidence of LRT involvement and in this case the sensitivity of ChestPal Pro (previously known as LungPass) is estimated to be 94.0% (95% CI: 90.5% – 96.5%) and the specificity 96.9% (95% CI: 83.8%-99.9%).

All results remained unchanged in a sensitivity analysis only including patients with COVID-19 confirmed by a positive PCR.

These findings suggest the ChestPal Pro (previously known as LungPass) is a sensitive and specific platform for identifying LRT involvement due to COVID-19, even before the development of hypoxia. However, a limitation of this exploratory study was the control group consisting of patients without any acute respiratory problem, rather than patients with confirmed COVID-19 without LRT involvement (with a clear chest CT). Unfortunately, we did not have access to such individuals, since only patients with more severe COVID-19 reached the secondary care setting where this study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, future studies are needed to assess the performance characteristics of the ChestPal Pro (previously known as LungPass) for COVID-19 in a primary care setting.

Several lung sound recording devices have been used to facilitate auscultation during the COVID-19 pandemic without compromising clinician’s personal protective equipment [7, 8, 10]. Moreover, an extensive observational study evaluating the sensitivity and specificity of a different automated lung sound analysis algorithm is ongoing [11]. However, to our knowledge, this is the first exploratory study demonstrating the sensitivity and specificity of an automated lung sound analysis algorithm (the ChestPal Pro platform) in identifying LRT involvement in COVID-19. Upon confirmation of our findings in larger, ongoing studies, theChestPal Pro (previously known as LungPass) , an affordable, portable lung sound recording device that could be used by non-experts could facilitate telemonitoring and early identification of patients at risk of deterioration and -possibly- guide timely administration of potentially life-saving treatments.

Acknowledgement

JV and AGM are supported by the National Institute for Health Research Manchester Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR Manchester BRC).

Footnotes

• Ethics Approval: This study was approved by Belarusian State Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education Ethics Committee (Ethics Committee Reference number: №18/21012020) at its meeting held on 06.02.2020 (Protocol № 1/2020).
• Author contribution: Design: EAL, OK, HB, AGM; Data collection: EAL, OK, VK, NV, MC, IB, EK, EIL; Data processing: EAL, OK, IB, EK, EIL, MM, SA, AK, VD; Data Analysis: OK, AGM; Manuscript preparation: AGM; Critical review of the manuscript: All authors; Data guarantors: EAL, OK, HB.

• Support statementThis study was funded and sponsored by Healthy Networks. National Institute for Health Research; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000272; Grant: NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre (BRC); Healthy Networks.
• Conflict of interest: Dr. Lapteva reports personal fees from Healthy Networks, during the conduct of the study; personal fees from Healthy Networks, outside the submitted work; .
• Conflict of interest: Dr. Kharevich reports personal fees from Healthy Networks, during the conduct of the study; personal fees from Healthy Networks, outside the submitted work.
• Conflict of interest: Dr. Khatsko reports personal fees from Healthy Networks, during the conduct of the study; .
• Conflict of interest: Dr. Voronova reports personal fees from Healthy Networks, during the conduct of the study; .
• Conflict of interest: Dr. Chamko reports personal fees from Healthy Networks, during the conduct of the study; .
• Conflict of interest: Dr. Bezruchko reports personal fees from Healthy Networks, during the conduct of the study; personal fees from Healthy Networks, outside the submitted work; .
• Conflict of interest: Dr. Katibnikova reports personal fees from Healthy Networks, during the conduct of the study; personal fees from Healthy Networks, outside the submitted work; .
• Conflict of interest: Dr. Loban reports personal fees from Healthy Networks, during the conduct of the study; personal fees from Healthy Networks, outside the submitted work; .
• Conflict of interest: Dr. Bezruchko is employed by Healthy Networks.
• Conflict of interest: Dr. Binetskaya is the CEO of Healthy Network and holds a patent on Lung Sound Classification Software (pending).
• Conflict of interest: Dr. Aleshkevich is employed by Healthy Networks
• Conflict of interest: Dr. Karankevich is employed by Healthy Networks and holds a patent on Lung Sound Classification Software (pending).
• Conflict of interest: Dr. Dubinetski is employed by Healthy Networks and holds a patent on Lung Sound Classification Software (pending).
• Conflict of interest: Dr. Vestbo reports personal fees from AstraZeneca, grants and personal fees from Boehringer-Ingelheim, personal fees from Chiesi, personal fees from GSK, personal fees from Novartis, outside the submitted work; and My son works for Chiesi.
• Conflict of interest: Dr. Mathioudakis reports holding shares in Healthy Networks, during the conduct of the study; grants from Boehringer Ingelheim, outside the submitted work; .

• Received July 7, 2021.
• Accepted September 5, 2021.
• Copyright ©The authors 2021.

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